ืœื“ืœื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ

ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืคืœืง ื›"ืฅ

ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืฐื™ืงื™ืคึผืขื“ื™ืข
ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืคืืœืง (ื•ืœืง) ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื›"ืฅ
ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ 1555 ื‘ืขืจืš
ืงืจืืงืข
ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ 29ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืขืจืฅ 1614
ืœืขืžื‘ืขืจื’, ืคื•ื™ืœื™ืฉ-ืœื™ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืฉืข ืงืืžืื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืจืขื“ืืงื˜ื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึฟืืงื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ื“ืื˜ืŸ
ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืคื•ื™ืœื™ืฉ-ืœื™ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“
ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ืืจื˜ ืœืขืžื‘ืขืจื’
ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืกืž"ืข
ืจืขื“ืืงื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ื“ืื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืืก ืคืืจื–ืืจื’ื˜ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ืคืืจืžืืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ

ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืคืœืง (ื•ึทืœึฐืง) ื‘ืŸ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืฅ (ื‘ืขืจืš ื”'ืฉื˜"ื• โ€“ ื™"ื˜ ื ื™ืกืŸ ื”'ืฉืข"ื“ 1555- 29ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืขืจืฅ 1614), ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ื ืืžืขืŸ ืกืž"ืข, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืกื˜ืข ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ื™ืœืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืกื•ืฃ ื–ืขื›ืฆื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ื‘ืขืฆื ื˜ืŸ ื™ืืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜. ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื”ื•ื™ืคื˜ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืื•ื™ืค'ืŸ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ืื•ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื˜ื•ืจื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช'ื“ื™ื’ืŸ ืืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื”.[1]

ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ

[ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ืจืŸ | ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื˜ืขืงืกื˜]

ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืคืœืง ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ืืœืกื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืฅ. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ืกื˜ืขืจ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืกืคืจ ืžืื™ืจืช ืขื™ื ื™ื, ื”ืื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื ืืžืขืŸ ืกืž"ืข, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืืฉื™ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ื ืขื ืกืคืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื‘ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืขืจ ืืคื˜ ื“ืขืจืžืื ื˜ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืืœืก "ื“ืขืจ ืกืž"ืข".[2]

ืคืจื™ืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื

[ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ืจืŸ | ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื˜ืขืงืกื˜]

ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืคืœืง ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืืจื•ื ื“ืขื ื™ืืจ 1555 ืื™ืŸ ืงืจืืงืข, ืื™ื ืขื ื“ืขืžืืœื˜ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ื™ืœื™ืฉ-ืœื™ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืฅ.[3]

ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื™ืืจืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืชื•ืจื”-ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืชืงื•ืคื”, ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื”ืจืฉ"ืœ (ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœืžื” ืœื•ืจื™ื).ื“ืขืจ ืžื”ืจ"ืœ ืžืคืจืื’ (ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื™ื•ื•ื ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ)

. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืื ืฆื•ืžืขืจืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืื™ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” ืื•ืŸ ืชืœืžื•ื“.[4]

ืจื‘ื ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜

[ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ืจืŸ | ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื˜ืขืงืกื˜]

ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืคืœืง ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜ ืืœืก ืจื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืกืง ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ื™ืœืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ื ื”ื•ื™ืคื˜ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืฉืคืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ื’ืข ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื.[5]

ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืขื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืคื™ืœื˜ ื ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืข ืจืืœืข ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉืคืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื”'ื“ื™ื’ืข ืชืงื ื•ืช, ื•ื•ืืก ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืขืจืžืขื’ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ื–ื™ืš ืื ืฆื•ืคืืกืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืขืงืื ืืžื™ืฉืข ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ื™ืœืŸ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืขื™ืกืงื.[6]

ื”ื•ื™ืคื˜ ืกืคืจื™ื

[ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ืจืŸ | ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื˜ืขืงืกื˜]

ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืคืœืง'ืก ื”ื•ื™ืคื˜ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื–ืขื ืขืŸ:

  • ื“ืจื™ืฉื” โ€“ ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื ืืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืค'ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื˜ื•ืจื™ื.
  • ืคืจื™ืฉื” โ€“ ื ืงื™ืจืฆืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ'ื“ื™ื’ืข ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืค'ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื˜ื•ืจื™ื.
  • ืกืคืจ ืžืื™ืจืช ืขื™ื ื™ื (ืกืž"ืข) โ€“ ื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืค'ืŸ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš, ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื—ื•ืฉืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืคืืจื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืกืืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™ ื“ืขื•ืช ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืž"ื. ื“ืขืจ ืกืคืจ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืืœ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1607.[7]

ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืืคื˜ ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื”-ืกืคืจื™ื.

ื”ืœื›ื”'ื“ื™ื’ืข ื”ืฉืคืขื”

[ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ืจืŸ | ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื˜ืขืงืกื˜]

ื“ืขืจ ืกืž"ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืืœืก ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืื•ื™ืค'ืŸ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ื™ืœืŸ.[8] ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ื˜ื™ืคืข ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืคืกืงื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ื’ืข ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืืคื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืฆื˜ ืืœืก ื™ืกื•ื“ ืคืืจ ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื”.

ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ืŸ ื ืงืœืืจืข ื”ืกื‘ืจื” ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ื”ืœื›ื”-ืื ืืœื™ื– ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืกืคืจื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืกื˜ืข ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื›ืœื™ื ืื•ื™ืค'ืŸ ื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš.[9]

ืคื˜ื™ืจื”

[ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ืจืŸ | ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื˜ืขืงืกื˜]

ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืคืœืง ืื™ื– ื ืคื˜ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืžื‘ืขืจื’ ืื•ื ื™"ื˜ ื ื™ืกืŸ ื”'ืฉืข"ื“, ื•ื•ืืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ื“ืขื 29ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืขืจืฅ 1614.[10]

ื™ืจื•ืฉื”

[ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ืจืŸ | ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื˜ืขืงืกื˜]

ื“ืขืจ ืกืž"ืข ืคืืจื ืขืžื˜ ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืืจื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืคื•ื™ืœืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื ืืš ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืกืคืจ ืžืื™ืจืช ืขื™ื ื™ื, ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉื” ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ื ืงื‘ื•ืข'ื“ื™ื’ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืœืืกื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ืœื›ื”-ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืื™ื– ืื ืฆื•ืžืขืจืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืฉืคืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ื’ืข ื”ืœื›ื”-ื•ื•ืขืจืง.

ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืื’ืจืืคื™ืข

[ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ืจืŸ | ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื˜ืขืงืกื˜]


ืจืขืคืขืจืขื ืฆืŸ

ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ "https://yi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข_ืคืœืง_ื›%22ืฅ&oldid=601299"